I need to read from a file, linewise. Also also need to make sure the encoding is correctly handled. You are opening the file in non-binary mode.
If you read from it, you get a string decoded according to your default encoding. Codec's StreamReader needs a bytestream So this should work: import codecs filename = 'something.x10' f = open(filename, 'rb') fdecoded = codecs.getreader('ISO-8859-15')(f) totalLength = 0 for line in fdecoded: totallength += len(line) print('Total Length is '+totallength) or you can use the encoding parameter on open: fdecoded = open(filename, mode='r', encoding='ISO-8859-15') The reader returns decoded data, so I fixed your variable name. Also, consider as a guide for formatting and coding style.
I'm really confused with the codecs.open function. When I do: file = codecs.open('temp', 'w', 'utf-8') file.write(codecs.BOMUTF8) file.close It gives me the error UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xef in position 0: ordinal not in range(128) If I do: file = open('temp', 'w') file.write(codecs.BOMUTF8) file.close It works fine. Question is why does the first method fail?
And how do I insert the bom? If the second method is the correct way of doing it, what the point of using codecs.open(filename, 'w', 'utf-8')? I believe the problem is that is a byte string, not a Unicode string.
I suspect the file handler is trying to guess what you really mean based on 'I'm meant to be writing Unicode as UTF-8-encoded text, but you've given me a byte string!' Try writing the Unicode string for the byte order mark (i.e. Unicode U+FEFF) directly, so that the file just encodes that as UTF-8: import codecs file = codecs.open('lol', 'w', 'utf-8') file.write(u' ufeff') file.close (That seems to give the right answer - a file with bytes EF BB BF.) EDIT: S. Lott's of using 'utf-8-sig' as the encoding is a better one than explicitly writing the BOM yourself, but I'll leave this answer here as it explains what was going wrong before.
I have a text file with first line of unicode characters and all other lines in ASCII. I try to read the first line as one variable, and all other lines as another. Because you used.readline first, the codecs.open file has filled a linebuffer; the subsequent call to.readlines returns only the buffered lines. If you call.readlines again, the rest of the lines are returned: f = codecs.open(filename, 'r3', encoding='utf-8') line = f.readline len(f.readlines) 7 len(f.readlines) 71 The work-around is to not mix.readline and.readlines: f = codecs.open(filename, 'r3', encoding='utf-8') dataf = f.readlines namesf = dataf.pop(0).split(' ') # take the first line. This behaviour is really a bug; the Python devs are aware of it, see.
The other option is to use instead of codecs.open; the io library is what Python 3 uses to implement the built-in open function and is a lot more robust and versatile than the codecs module.
— Codec registry and base classes This module defines base classes for standard Python codecs (encoders and decoders) and provides access to the internal Python codec registry which manages the codec and error handling lookup process. It defines the following functions: codecs. Encode ( obj , encoding , errors ) Encodes obj using the codec registered for encoding. The default encoding is 'ascii'.
Errors may be given to set the desired error handling scheme. The default error handler is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise (or a more codec specific subclass, such as ). Refer to for more information on codec error handling.
New in version 2.4. Register ( searchfunction ) Register a codec search function. Search functions are expected to take one argument, the encoding name in all lower case letters, and return a CodecInfo object having the following attributes:. name The name of the encoding;. encode The stateless encoding function;. decode The stateless decoding function;. incrementalencoder An incremental encoder class or factory function;.
incrementaldecoder An incremental decoder class or factory function;. streamwriter A stream writer class or factory function;. streamreader A stream reader class or factory function. The various functions or classes take the following arguments: encode and decode: These must be functions or methods which have the same interface as the / methods of Codec instances (see ). The functions/methods are expected to work in a stateless mode. Incrementalencoder and incrementaldecoder: These have to be factory functions providing the following interface. Factory(stream, errors='strict') The factory functions must return objects providing the interfaces defined by the base classes and, respectively.
Stream codecs can maintain state. Possible values for errors are. 'strict': raise an exception in case of an encoding error.
'replace': replace malformed data with a suitable replacement marker, such as '?' Or ' ufffd'. 'ignore': ignore malformed data and continue without further notice.
'xmlcharrefreplace': replace with the appropriate XML character reference (for encoding only). 'backslashreplace': replace with backslashed escape sequences (for encoding only) as well as any other error handling name defined via. In case a search function cannot find a given encoding, it should return None. Lookup ( encoding ) Looks up the codec info in the Python codec registry and returns a CodecInfo object as defined above. Encodings are first looked up in the registry’s cache. If not found, the list of registered search functions is scanned. If no CodecInfo object is found, a is raised.
Otherwise, the CodecInfo object is stored in the cache and returned to the caller. To simplify access to the various codecs, the module provides these additional functions which use for the codec lookup: codecs. Getencoder ( encoding ) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its encoder function. Raises a in case the encoding cannot be found. Getdecoder ( encoding ) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its decoder function.
Raises a in case the encoding cannot be found. Getincrementalencoder ( encoding ) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its incremental encoder class or factory function. Raises a in case the encoding cannot be found or the codec doesn’t support an incremental encoder. New in version 2.5. Getreader ( encoding ) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its StreamReader class or factory function.
Raises a in case the encoding cannot be found. Getwriter ( encoding ) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its StreamWriter class or factory function. Raises a in case the encoding cannot be found. Registererror ( name, errorhandler ) Register the error handling function errorhandler under the name name. Errorhandler will be called during encoding and decoding in case of an error, when name is specified as the errors parameter. For encoding errorhandler will be called with a instance, which contains information about the location of the error. The error handler must either raise this or a different exception or return a tuple with a replacement for the unencodable part of the input and a position where encoding should continue.
Openfile
The encoder will encode the replacement and continue encoding the original input at the specified position. Negative position values will be treated as being relative to the end of the input string. If the resulting position is out of bound an will be raised. Decoding and translating works similar, except or will be passed to the handler and that the replacement from the error handler will be put into the output directly. Lookuperror ( name ) Return the error handler previously registered under the name name. Raises a in case the handler cannot be found. Stricterrors ( exception ) Implements the strict error handling: each encoding or decoding error raises a.
Replaceerrors ( exception ) Implements the replace error handling: malformed data is replaced with a suitable replacement character such as '?' In bytestrings and ' ufffd' in Unicode strings. To Receiver.
Ignoreerrors ( exception ) Implements the ignore error handling: malformed data is ignored and encoding or decoding is continued without further notice. Best poser 8 content library - and full version 2017. Xmlcharrefreplaceerrors ( exception ) Implements the xmlcharrefreplace error handling (for encoding only): the unencodable character is replaced by an appropriate XML character reference.
Backslashreplaceerrors ( exception ) Implements the backslashreplace error handling (for encoding only): the unencodable character is replaced by a backslashed escape sequence. To simplify working with encoded files or stream, the module also defines these utility functions: codecs. Open ( filename, mode , encoding , errors , buffering ) Open an encoded file using the given mode and return a wrapped version providing transparent encoding/decoding. The default file mode is 'r' meaning to open the file in read mode. Note Files are always opened in binary mode, even if no binary mode was specified.
This is done to avoid data loss due to encodings using 8-bit values. This means that no automatic conversion of ' n' is done on reading and writing. Encoding specifies the encoding which is to be used for the file. Errors may be given to define the error handling. It defaults to 'strict' which causes a to be raised in case an encoding error occurs. Buffering has the same meaning as for the built-in function. It defaults to line buffered.
EncodedFile ( file, input , output , errors ) Return a wrapped version of file which provides transparent encoding translation. Strings written to the wrapped file are interpreted according to the given input encoding and then written to the original file as strings using the output encoding. The intermediate encoding will usually be Unicode but depends on the specified codecs. If output is not given, it defaults to input. Errors may be given to define the error handling. It defaults to 'strict', which causes to be raised in case an encoding error occurs.
Iterencode ( iterable, encoding , errors ) Uses an incremental encoder to iteratively encode the input provided by iterable. This function is a. Errors (as well as any other keyword argument) is passed through to the incremental encoder. New in version 2.5. The module also provides the following constants which are useful for reading and writing to platform dependent files: codecs. BOMBE codecs.
BOMLE codecs. BOMUTF8 codecs. BOMUTF16 codecs. BOMUTF16BE codecs. BOMUTF16LE codecs.
BOMUTF32 codecs. BOMUTF32BE codecs. BOMUTF32LE These constants define various encodings of the Unicode byte order mark (BOM) used in UTF-16 and UTF-32 data streams to indicate the byte order used in the stream or file and in UTF-8 as a Unicode signature. Is either or depending on the platform’s native byte order, is an alias for, for and for. The others represent the BOM in UTF-8 and UTF-32 encodings. Codec Base Classes The module defines a set of base classes which define the interface and can also be used to easily write your own codecs for use in Python.
Each codec has to define four interfaces to make it usable as codec in Python: stateless encoder, stateless decoder, stream reader and stream writer. The stream reader and writers typically reuse the stateless encoder/decoder to implement the file protocols. The Codec class defines the interface for stateless encoders/decoders. To simplify and standardize error handling, the and methods may implement different error handling schemes by providing the errors string argument. The following string values are defined and implemented by all standard Python codecs: Value Meaning 'strict' Raise (or a subclass); this is the default. 'ignore' Ignore the character and continue with the next.
'replace' Replace with a suitable replacement character; Python will use the official U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER for the built-in Unicode codecs on decoding and ‘?’ on encoding. 'xmlcharrefreplace' Replace with the appropriate XML character reference (only for encoding). 'backslashreplace' Replace with backslashed escape sequences (only for encoding). The set of allowed values can be extended via. Codec Objects The Codec class defines these methods which also define the function interfaces of the stateless encoder and decoder: Codec.
Encode ( input , errors ) Encodes the object input and returns a tuple (output object, length consumed). While codecs are not restricted to use with Unicode, in a Unicode context, encoding converts a Unicode object to a plain string using a particular character set encoding (e.g., cp1252 or iso-8859-1). Errors defines the error handling to apply. It defaults to 'strict' handling.
The method may not store state in the Codec instance. Use for codecs which have to keep state in order to make encoding efficient. The encoder must be able to handle zero length input and return an empty object of the output object type in this situation. Decode ( input , errors ) Decodes the object input and returns a tuple (output object, length consumed). In a Unicode context, decoding converts a plain string encoded using a particular character set encoding to a Unicode object. Input must be an object which provides the bfgetreadbuf buffer slot.
Python strings, buffer objects and memory mapped files are examples of objects providing this slot. Errors defines the error handling to apply. It defaults to 'strict' handling.
The method may not store state in the Codec instance. Use for codecs which have to keep state in order to make decoding efficient. The decoder must be able to handle zero length input and return an empty object of the output object type in this situation. The and classes provide the basic interface for incremental encoding and decoding. Encoding/decoding the input isn’t done with one call to the stateless encoder/decoder function, but with multiple calls to the / method of the incremental encoder/decoder. The incremental encoder/decoder keeps track of the encoding/decoding process during method calls. The joined output of calls to the / method is the same as if all the single inputs were joined into one, and this input was encoded/decoded with the stateless encoder/decoder.
New in version 2.5. The class is used for encoding an input in multiple steps. It defines the following methods which every incremental encoder must define in order to be compatible with the Python codec registry. Class codecs.
IncrementalEncoder ( errors ) Constructor for an instance. All incremental encoders must provide this constructor interface. They are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the ones defined here are used by the Python codec registry. The may implement different error handling schemes by providing the errors keyword argument. These parameters are predefined:. 'strict' Raise (or a subclass); this is the default. 'ignore' Ignore the character and continue with the next.
'replace' Replace with a suitable replacement character. 'xmlcharrefreplace' Replace with the appropriate XML character reference. 'backslashreplace' Replace with backslashed escape sequences. The errors argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of the object.
The set of allowed values for the errors argument can be extended with. Encode ( object , final ) Encodes object (taking the current state of the encoder into account) and returns the resulting encoded object.
If this is the last call to final must be true (the default is false). Reset ( ) Reset the encoder to the initial state. IncrementalDecoder Objects The class is used for decoding an input in multiple steps. It defines the following methods which every incremental decoder must define in order to be compatible with the Python codec registry.
Class codecs. IncrementalDecoder ( errors ) Constructor for an instance. All incremental decoders must provide this constructor interface.
They are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the ones defined here are used by the Python codec registry. The may implement different error handling schemes by providing the errors keyword argument. These parameters are predefined:. 'strict' Raise (or a subclass); this is the default.
'ignore' Ignore the character and continue with the next. 'replace' Replace with a suitable replacement character. The errors argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same name.
Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of the object. The set of allowed values for the errors argument can be extended with. Decode ( object , final ) Decodes object (taking the current state of the decoder into account) and returns the resulting decoded object. If this is the last call to final must be true (the default is false). If final is true the decoder must decode the input completely and must flush all buffers.
If this isn’t possible (e.g. Because of incomplete byte sequences at the end of the input) it must initiate error handling just like in the stateless case (which might raise an exception). Reset ( ) Reset the decoder to the initial state. The and classes provide generic working interfaces which can be used to implement new encoding submodules very easily. See encodings.utf8 for an example of how this is done.
StreamWriter Objects The class is a subclass of Codec and defines the following methods which every stream writer must define in order to be compatible with the Python codec registry. Class codecs.
StreamWriter ( stream , errors ) Constructor for a instance. All stream writers must provide this constructor interface. They are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the ones defined here are used by the Python codec registry. Stream must be a file-like object open for writing binary data. The may implement different error handling schemes by providing the errors keyword argument. These parameters are predefined:.
'strict' Raise (or a subclass); this is the default. 'ignore' Ignore the character and continue with the next. 'replace' Replace with a suitable replacement character.
'xmlcharrefreplace' Replace with the appropriate XML character reference. 'backslashreplace' Replace with backslashed escape sequences. The errors argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of the object.
The set of allowed values for the errors argument can be extended with. Write ( object ) Writes the object’s contents encoded to the stream. Writelines ( list ) Writes the concatenated list of strings to the stream (possibly by reusing the method). Reset ( ) Flushes and resets the codec buffers used for keeping state. Calling this method should ensure that the data on the output is put into a clean state that allows appending of new fresh data without having to rescan the whole stream to recover state. In addition to the above methods, the must also inherit all other methods and attributes from the underlying stream. StreamReader Objects The class is a subclass of Codec and defines the following methods which every stream reader must define in order to be compatible with the Python codec registry.
Class codecs. StreamReader ( stream , errors ) Constructor for a instance. All stream readers must provide this constructor interface. They are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the ones defined here are used by the Python codec registry. Stream must be a file-like object open for reading (binary) data. The may implement different error handling schemes by providing the errors keyword argument.
Winols 2.24 download. These parameters are defined:. 'strict' Raise (or a subclass); this is the default.
'ignore' Ignore the character and continue with the next. 'replace' Replace with a suitable replacement character. The errors argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of the object. The set of allowed values for the errors argument can be extended with.
Read ( size , chars , firstline ) Decodes data from the stream and returns the resulting object. Chars indicates the number of characters to read from the stream. Will never return more than chars characters, but it might return less, if there are not enough characters available. Size indicates the approximate maximum number of bytes to read from the stream for decoding purposes. The decoder can modify this setting as appropriate.
The default value -1 indicates to read and decode as much as possible. Size is intended to prevent having to decode huge files in one step. Firstline indicates that it would be sufficient to only return the first line, if there are decoding errors on later lines. The method should use a greedy read strategy meaning that it should read as much data as is allowed within the definition of the encoding and the given size, e.g. If optional encoding endings or state markers are available on the stream, these should be read too.
Open File Free
Changed in version 2.4: keepends argument added. Readlines ( sizehint , keepends ) Read all lines available on the input stream and return them as a list of lines. Line-endings are implemented using the codec’s decoder method and are included in the list entries if keepends is true.
Sizehint, if given, is passed as the size argument to the stream’s method. Reset ( ) Resets the codec buffers used for keeping state. Note that no stream repositioning should take place. This method is primarily intended to be able to recover from decoding errors. In addition to the above methods, the must also inherit all other methods and attributes from the underlying stream. The next two base classes are included for convenience.
They are not needed by the codec registry, but may provide useful in practice. StreamReaderWriter Objects The allows wrapping streams which work in both read and write modes. The design is such that one can use the factory functions returned by the function to construct the instance. Class codecs. StreamReaderWriter ( stream, Reader, Writer, errors ) Creates a instance. Stream must be a file-like object. Reader and Writer must be factory functions or classes providing the and interface resp.
Error handling is done in the same way as defined for the stream readers and writers. Instances define the combined interfaces of and classes. They inherit all other methods and attributes from the underlying stream.
StreamRecoder Objects The provide a frontend - backend view of encoding data which is sometimes useful when dealing with different encoding environments. The design is such that one can use the factory functions returned by the function to construct the instance. Class codecs. StreamRecoder ( stream, encode, decode, Reader, Writer, errors ) Creates a instance which implements a two-way conversion: encode and decode work on the frontend (the input to read and output of write) while Reader and Writer work on the backend (reading and writing to the stream). You can use these objects to do transparent direct recodings from e.g.
Latin-1 to UTF-8 and back. Stream must be a file-like object. Encode, decode must adhere to the Codec interface.
Reader, Writer must be factory functions or classes providing objects of the and interface respectively. Encode and decode are needed for the frontend translation, Reader and Writer for the backend translation. The intermediate format used is determined by the two sets of codecs, e.g.
The Unicode codecs will use Unicode as the intermediate encoding. Error handling is done in the same way as defined for the stream readers and writers. Instances define the combined interfaces of and classes. They inherit all other methods and attributes from the underlying stream. Encodings and Unicode Unicode strings are stored internally as sequences of code points (to be precise as arrays). Depending on the way Python is compiled (either via -enable-unicode=ucs2 or -enable-unicode=ucs4, with the former being the default) is either a 16-bit or 32-bit data type. Once a Unicode object is used outside of CPU and memory, CPU endianness and how these arrays are stored as bytes become an issue.
Transforming a unicode object into a sequence of bytes is called encoding and recreating the unicode object from the sequence of bytes is known as decoding. There are many different methods for how this transformation can be done (these methods are also called encodings).
The simplest method is to map the code points 0–255 to the bytes 0x0– 0xff. This means that a unicode object that contains code points above U+00FF can’t be encoded with this method (which is called 'latin-1' or 'iso-8859-1'). Unicode.encode will raise a that looks like this: UnicodeEncodeError: 'latin-1' codec can't encode character u' u1234' in position 3: ordinal not in range(256). There’s another group of encodings (the so called charmap encodings) that choose a different subset of all unicode code points and how these code points are mapped to the bytes 0x0– 0xff.
To see how this is done simply open e.g. Encodings/cp1252.py (which is an encoding that is used primarily on Windows). There’s a string constant with 256 characters that shows you which character is mapped to which byte value. All of these encodings can only encode 256 of the 1114112 code points defined in unicode. A simple and straightforward way that can store each Unicode code point, is to store each code point as four consecutive bytes. There are two possibilities: store the bytes in big endian or in little endian order. These two encodings are called UTF-32-BE and UTF-32-LE respectively.
Their disadvantage is that if e.g. You use UTF-32-BE on a little endian machine you will always have to swap bytes on encoding and decoding. UTF-32 avoids this problem: bytes will always be in natural endianness. When these bytes are read by a CPU with a different endianness, then bytes have to be swapped though.
To be able to detect the endianness of a UTF-16 or UTF-32 byte sequence, there’s the so called BOM (“Byte Order Mark”). This is the Unicode character U+FEFF. This character can be prepended to every UTF-16 or UTF-32 byte sequence. The byte swapped version of this character ( 0xFFFE) is an illegal character that may not appear in a Unicode text. So when the first character in an UTF-16 or UTF-32 byte sequence appears to be a U+FFFE the bytes have to be swapped on decoding. Unfortunately the character U+FEFF had a second purpose as a ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE: a character that has no width and doesn’t allow a word to be split.
Be used to give hints to a ligature algorithm. With Unicode 4.0 using U+FEFF as a ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE has been deprecated (with U+2060 ( WORD JOINER) assuming this role). Nevertheless Unicode software still must be able to handle U+FEFF in both roles: as a BOM it’s a device to determine the storage layout of the encoded bytes, and vanishes once the byte sequence has been decoded into a Unicode string; as a ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE it’s a normal character that will be decoded like any other. There’s another encoding that is able to encoding the full range of Unicode characters: UTF-8. UTF-8 is an 8-bit encoding, which means there are no issues with byte order in UTF-8. Each byte in a UTF-8 byte sequence consists of two parts: marker bits (the most significant bits) and payload bits. The marker bits are a sequence of zero to four 1 bits followed by a 0 bit.
Unicode characters are encoded like this (with x being payload bits, which when concatenated give the Unicode character): Range Encoding U-00000000 U-0000007F 0xxxxxxx U-00000080 U-000007FF 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx U-00000800 U-0000FFFF 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx U-00010000 U-0010FFFF 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx The least significant bit of the Unicode character is the rightmost x bit. As UTF-8 is an 8-bit encoding no BOM is required and any U+FEFF character in the decoded Unicode string (even if it’s the first character) is treated as a ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE. Without external information it’s impossible to reliably determine which encoding was used for encoding a Unicode string. Each charmap encoding can decode any random byte sequence. However that’s not possible with UTF-8, as UTF-8 byte sequences have a structure that doesn’t allow arbitrary byte sequences. To increase the reliability with which a UTF-8 encoding can be detected, Microsoft invented a variant of UTF-8 (that Python 2.5 calls 'utf-8-sig') for its Notepad program: Before any of the Unicode characters is written to the file, a UTF-8 encoded BOM (which looks like this as a byte sequence: 0xef, 0xbb, 0xbf) is written. As it’s rather improbable that any charmap encoded file starts with these byte values (which would e.g.
INVERTED QUESTION MARK in iso-8859-1), this increases the probability that a utf-8-sig encoding can be correctly guessed from the byte sequence. So here the BOM is not used to be able to determine the byte order used for generating the byte sequence, but as a signature that helps in guessing the encoding. On encoding the utf-8-sig codec will write 0xef, 0xbb, 0xbf as the first three bytes to the file. On decoding utf-8-sig will skip those three bytes if they appear as the first three bytes in the file.
In UTF-8, the use of the BOM is discouraged and should generally be avoided. Standard Encodings Python comes with a number of codecs built-in, either implemented as C functions or with dictionaries as mapping tables. The following table lists the codecs by name, together with a few common aliases, and the languages for which the encoding is likely used.
Neither the list of aliases nor the list of languages is meant to be exhaustive. Notice that spelling alternatives that only differ in case or use a hyphen instead of an underscore are also valid aliases; therefore, e.g. 'utf-8' is a valid alias for the 'utf8' codec. Many of the character sets support the same languages. They vary in individual characters (e.g.
Whether the EURO SIGN is supported or not), and in the assignment of characters to code positions. Python Specific Encodings A number of predefined codecs are specific to Python, so their codec names have no meaning outside Python. These are listed in the tables below based on the expected input and output types (note that while text encodings are the most common use case for codecs, the underlying codec infrastructure supports arbitrary data transforms rather than just text encodings).
For asymmetric codecs, the stated purpose describes the encoding direction. The following codecs provide unicode-to-str encoding and str-to-unicode decoding, similar to the Unicode text encodings. Codec Aliases Purpose idna Implements, see also mbcs dbcs Windows only: Encode operand according to the ANSI codepage (CPACP) palmos Encoding of PalmOS 3.5 punycode Implements rawunicodeescape Produce a string that is suitable as raw Unicode literal in Python source code rot13 rot13 Returns the Caesar-cypher encryption of the operand undefined Raise an exception for all conversions. Can be used as the system encoding if no automatic between byte and Unicode strings is desired. Unicodeescape Produce a string that is suitable as Unicode literal in Python source code unicodeinternal Return the internal representation of the operand. New in version 2.3: The idna and punycode encodings.
The following codecs provide str-to-str encoding and decoding.